ATELECTASIS, PULMONARY ATELECTASIS, ATELECTASIS Definition,
ATELECTASIS
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DESCRIPTION OF ATELECTASIS
Atelectasis is a disorder of the respiratory system. It is characterized by the collapse in part of one of the two lungs, it is a collapse of the lung tissue with loss of volume. This disorder may have different consequences depending on the person affected.
The respiratory circuit can be summarized as follows:
Inhaled air enters through the mouth and nose and then passes through the trachea, which branches into bronchi and bronchioles, and into the alveolar sacs. Trachea and bronchi are ducts with cartilaginous rings that facilitate air transport. The exhaled air follows the same path, but in the opposite direction.
Cut from its edge, a fresh lung shows two types of ducts: channels with rigid walls provided with small cilia (bronchi and bronchioles) and others with more flaccid walls (vessels) from which blood can emerge. There are therefore two separate piping systems: one for air and one for blood. Sometimes bronchi or bronchioles become blocked, blocking the flow of air. Subsequently, all or part of the lung collapses. This is called atelectasis.
The Mechanism of Atelectasis
Atelectasis can be caused by blockage of a bronchus or by air entering the pleura (the lining of the lung). Air in the air sacs disappears, causing them to retract or the lung to detach from the chest cavity and retract.
An absence of ventilation is therefore observed while, moreover, the blood perfusion is maintained. Gas exchange with blood is disrupted. Thus, atelectasis causes more or less hypoxemia depending on the lung volume involved.
Factors that Complicate Atelectasis
Risk factors for the development of atelectasis include the following:
< >AnesthesiaMucus branching into the airwaysPulmonary pressure caused by fluid accumulation between the ribs and lungs also called pleural effusionProlonged bed rest with some changes in positionShortness of breath (may be caused by labored breathing)Tumors that block the airways
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Causes
Usually all people undergoing surgery have atelectasis because of the effects of anesthesia on the lungs. Atelectasis can also result from inhalation of objects, asthma, or other lung diseases or injuries.
Atelectasis may be “obstructive” or “non-obstructive.” Thus, the various causes of blockage in a bronchus are
< >Inhalation of a foreign body; Excessive secretion of mucus (mucus) forming a plug; Compression of nearby bronchi by a cancerous or tuberculous lymph node; Lung disease such as asthma, inflammation, bronchial wall disease, malignant or benign tumor, cystic fibrosis; Complication of general anesthesia.Vactel-Vater syndrome; Levocardia or dextrocardia; Northway bronchopulmonary dysplasiaHypopneumatosis; Pulmonary embolism.
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Symptoms of Atelectasis
Atelectasis itself is asymptomatic unless hypoxemia or pneumonia develops. Symptoms of hypoxemia tend to be related to acuity and severity of atelectasis. If atelectasis is severe and rapid, dyspnea or even respiratory failure may develop. If atelectasis develops slowly and is less extensive, symptoms may be mild or absent.
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Pneumonia can cause cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. Pleuritic pain may also be due to the disorder that caused atelectasis.
Signs are often absent. Decreased breath sounds in the region of atelectasis and possibly dullness to percussion and decreased chest excursion are detectable if the area of atelectasis is large. However, atelectasis manifests as
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< >Difficulty breathing; Cough; Rapid, shallow breathing; Mild fever; Chest pain, most often due to the underlying cause of atelectasis.
Risks of Atelectasis
Although very rarely, atelectasis can be fatal in neonates or small children. In adults, however, the unaffected parts of the lung or even the second lung provide adequate ventilation. However, in people with other respiratory conditions, the consequences are more severe.
Treatment
Surgical treatment of atelectasis is the cause. After atelectasis is treated, the lungs gently reinflate and most often return to their original appearance. Sometimes certain areas are irreversibly damaged. This is either because the treatment came too late, or because the obstruction left irreversible scars.
Evidence for the efficacy of most treatments for atelectasis by modern medicine is weak or absent. Of course, but for herbal medicine cures this evil definitively by the combination of roots and barks of African medicinal plants.
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Prevention
Smokers can decrease their risk of postoperative atelectasis by stopping smoking, ideally at least 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. Drug treatment of patients with chronic lung disorders should be accompanied by herbal tea.
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